Authors: Shannon K. T. Bailey, PhD, Michael T. Brannick, PhD, F. Bowling, BHS, SGM, (Ret.), Colleen C. Reiner, MEd, Dennis Lyons, MSG, (Ret.), Luis E. Llerena, MD, Yasuharu Okuda, MD

To evaluate simulation modalities for Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC), researchers surveyed 30 experienced U.S. military medics during a 5-day technical experimentation event. Participants rated 11 modalities—including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), manikins, cadavers, and live tissue training (LTT)—across 7 key functional attributes and provided qualitative feedback. Results revealed that no single modality is uniformly superior; instead, modalities offer distinct advantages tailored to specific training objectives. High-fidelity options like cadavers and LTT scored high in realism and engagement but lacked reusability and portability. Conversely, immersive computer-based modalities like VR/AR scored low in physical realism but excelled in reusability and cognitive decision-making. The study concludes that instructors should strategically combine simulation modalities—using VR for pre-testing and decision-making before advancing to physical trainers—to optimize TCCC learning outcomes based on trainee skill level and operational context.

The full research article can be found here.

University of South Florida has used the SimX platform in its simulation training.